Count A count is a nobleman in European countries; his wife is a countess. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The British equivalent is an earl . Alternative names for the & Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (February 18, 1745 – March 5, 1827) was an Italian b includes 291,200 permanent residents; not including about 500.000 Italian-speaking Swiss people, ^[1][2] physicist Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space-time, as well as all applicable concepts, such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves known especially for the development of the first electric cell in 1800.

Early life and works

Volta was born in Como, Italy and was taught in the public schools there. In 1774 he became a professor of physics at the Royal School in Como. A year later, he improved and popularized the electrophorus An electrophorus is a capacitive generator used to produce electrostatic charge via the process of electrostatic induction. A first version of it was invented in 1762 by Swedish professor Johan Carl Wilcke, but Italian scientist Alessandro Volta improved and popularized the device in 1775, and is sometimes erroneously credited with its invention, a device that produces a static electric charge. His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating in the same principle was described in 1762 by Swedish professor Johan Wilcke.^[3]

In 1776-77 Volta studied the chemistry Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical of gases Gas is one of three classical states of matter. Near absolute zero, a substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point , boils into a gas at its boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which the electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms, he discovered methane Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4. It is the simplest alkane, and the principal component of natural gas. Methane's bond angles are 109.5 degrees. Burning methane in the presence of oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water. The relative abundance of methane makes it an attractive fuel. However, because it is a gas at by collecting the gas from marshes. He devised experiments such as the ignition Combustion or burning is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can result in the production of light in the form of either glowing or a flame. Fuels of interest often include organic compounds in the gas, liquid or of methane by an electric spark Electrostatic discharge is the sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field. The term is usually used in the electronics and other industries to describe momentary unwanted currents that may cause damage to electronic equipment in a closed vessel. Volta also studied what we now call electrical capacitance In electromagnetism and electronics, capacitance is the ability of a body to hold an electrical charge. Capacitance is also a measure of the amount of electrical energy stored for a given electric potential. A common form of energy storage device is a parallel-plate capacitor. In a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance is directly proportional to, developing separate means to study both electrical potential (V) and charge (Q), and discovering that for a given object they are proportional. This may be called Volta's Law of capacitance, and likely for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt The volt is the SI derived unit of electromotive force, commonly called "voltage". It is also the unit for the related but slightly different quantity electric potential difference (also called "electrostatic potential difference"). It is named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who invented the.

In 1779 he became professor of experimental physics at the University of Pavia The University of Pavia is a university located in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy. It was founded in 1361 and is organized in 9 Faculties, a chair he occupied for almost 25 years. In 1794, Volta married Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons, Giovanni, Flaminio and Zanino.^[4]

Volta and Galvani

Volta began to study, around 1791, the "animal electricity" noted by Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna. In 1771, he discovered that the muscles of dead frogs legs twitched when struck by a spark. This was one of the first forays into the study of bioelectricity, a field that still today studies the electrical patterns and signals of the nervous system. He was cutting when two different metals were connected in series with the frog's leg and to one another. Volta realized that the frog's leg served as both a conductor of electricity (we would now call it an electrolyte In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. The most typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible) and as a detector of electricity. He replaced the frog's leg by brine-soaked paper, and detected the flow of electricity by other means familiar to him from his previous studies. In this way he discovered the electrochemical series The table can be sorted alphabetically by clicking on the sort icon in the column heading. Click on the other column to re-sort by potential. This doesn’t work in the Safari web browser ; reload the page to restore the original order, and the law that the electromotive force More formally, emf is the external work expended per unit of charge to produce an electric potential difference across two open-circuited terminals. The electric potential difference is created by separating positive and negative charges, thereby generating an electric field. The created electrical potential difference drives current flow if a (emf) of a galvanic cell A Galvanic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, is an electrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from chemical reactions taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two different metals connected by a salt bridge, or individual half-cells separated by a porous membrane. It is sometimes called a "Voltaic cell", after, consisting of a pair of metal electrodes An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit . The word was coined by the scientist Michael Faraday from the Greek words elektron (meaning amber, from which the word electricity is derived) and hodos, a way separated by electrolyte, is the difference between their two electrode potentials.(Thus, two identical electrodes and a common electrolyte give zero net emf.) This may be called Volta's Law of the electrochemical series.

In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Galvani, he invented the voltaic pile A voltaic pile is a set of individual Galvanic cells placed in series. The voltaic pile, invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800, was the first electric battery. Building on Galvani's 1780s discovery of how a circuit of two metals and a frog's leg can cause the frog's leg to respond, Volta demonstrated in 1791 that when two metals and brine-soaked, an early electric battery An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the, which produced a steady electric current.^[5] Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was zinc Zinc , also known as spelter, is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the and silver Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and. Initially he experimented with individual cells in series, each cell being a wine goblet filled with brine Brine is water saturated or nearly saturated with a salt . It is used to preserve vegetables, fish, and meat, in a process known as brining (now less popular than historically). Brine is also commonly used to age Halloumi and Feta cheeses. Brine is also used for pickling foodstuffs, as a means of preserving them (or increasing for taste). Almost into which the two dissimilar electrodes were dipped. The electric pile replaced the goblets with cardboard soaked in brine. (The number of cells, and thus the voltage it could produce, was limited by the pressure, exerted by the upper cells, that would squeeze all of the brine out of the cardboard of the bottom cell.)

First battery

In announcing his discovery of the pile, Volta paid tribute to the influences of William Nicholson, Tiberius Cavallo and Abraham Bennet.^[6]

An additional invention pioneered by Volta, was the remotely operated pistol. He made use of a Leyden jar The Leyden jar, or Leiden jar, is a device that "stores" static electricity between two electrodes on the inside and outside of a jar. It was invented independently by German cleric Ewald Georg von Kleist on 11 October 1744 and by Dutch scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek of Leiden in 1745–1746. The invention was named for this city. It to send an electric current from Como Como listen (Còmm in the local variety of Western Lombard) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy to Milan Milan (Italian: Milano, listen Italian pronunciation: [miˈla(ː)no]; Western Lombard: Milan, listen (help·info)) is a city in Italy and the capital of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1,300,000, while the urban area is the first in Italy and the fifth largest in the European Union (~50 km or ~30 miles), which in turn, set off the pistol. The current was sent along a wire that was insulated from the ground by wooden boards. This invention was a significant forerunner of the idea of the telegraph which also makes use of a current to communicate.^[7]

The battery made by Volta is credited as the first electrochemical cell. It consists of two electrodes: one made of zinc Zinc , also known as spelter, is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the, the other of copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is rather soft and malleable, and a freshly exposed surface has a pinkish or peachy color. It is used as a thermal conductor, an electrical conductor, a building material, and a. The electrolyte In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. The most typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible is sulphuric acid Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry. World production in 2001 was 165 million tonnes, with an approximate value of US$8 billion. Principal uses include lead-acid batteries for cars and other or a brine mixture of salt and water. The electrolyte exists in the form 2H⁺ and SO₄^2-. The zinc, which is higher than both copper and hydrogen in the electrochemical series, reacts with the negatively charged sulphate. ( SO₄^2- ) The positively charged hydrogen bubbles start depositing around the copper and take away some of its electrons The electron is a subatomic particle carrying a negative electric charge. It has no known components or substructure, and therefore is believed to be an elementary particle. An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. The intrinsic angular momentum of the electron is a half integer value in units of ħ, which means that. This makes the zinc rod the negative electrode and the copper rod the positive electrode.

We now have two terminals, and the current will flow if we connect them. The reactions in this cell are as follows:

zinc

Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e^-

sulfuric acid

2H⁺ + 2e^- → H₂

The copper does not react, functioning as an electrode for the reaction.

However, this cell also has some disadvantages. It is unsafe to handle, as sulfuric acid, even if dilute, is dangerous. Also, the power of the cell diminishes over time because the hydrogen gas is not released, accumulating instead on the surface of the zinc electrode and forming a barrier between the metal and the electrolyte solution. The primitive cell is widely used in schools to demonstrate the laws of electricity and is known as the Lemon battery A lemon battery is a device used in experiments proposed in many science textbooks around the world. It is made by inserting two different metallic objects, for example a galvanized nail and a copper coin, into a lemon. The copper coin serves as the positive electrode or cathode and the galvanized nail as the electron-producing negative electrode.

Last years and retirement

In honor of his work, Volta was made a count by Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte , was a military and political leader of France and Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century in 1810.

Volta retired in 1819 in his estate in Camnago, a frazione A frazione , in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a comune; for other administrative divisions, see municipio, circoscrizione, quartiere. It is cognate to the English word fraction, but in practice is roughly equivalent to "parishes", "hamlets" or "wards" in other of Como Como listen (Còmm in the local variety of Western Lombard) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy now called Camnago Volta after him, where he died on March 5, 1827.^[8] He is buried in Camnago Volta.^[9]

Volta's legacy is celebrated by a Temple on the shore of Lake Como in the centre of the town. A museum in Como, the Voltian Temple, has been built in his honor and exhibits some of the original equipment he used to conduct experiments. Near Lake Como Lake Como is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of 146 km², making it the third largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over 400 m (1320 ft) deep it is one of the deepest lakes in Europe and the bottom of the lake is more than 200 metres (656 ft) below sea-level stands the Villa Olmo Villa Olmo is a neoclassic villa located in the city of Como, Italy, which houses the Voltian Foundation, an organization which promotes scientific activities. Volta carried out his experimental studies and made his first inventions in Como.

See also

• Volta Prize
• Luigi Galvani Luigi Galvani was an Italian physician and physicist who lived and died in Bologna. In 1771, he discovered that the muscles of dead frogs legs twitched when struck by a spark. This was one of the first forays into the study of bioelectricity, a field that still today studies the electrical patterns and signals of the nervous system. He was cutting
• Eudiometer A eudiometer is a laboratory device that measures the change in volume of a gas mixture following a physical or chemical change
• History of the battery The first battery was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. Although it was of great value for experimental purposes, its limitations made it impractical for large current drain. Later batteries, starting with John Frederic Daniell's wet cell in 1836, provided more reliable currents and were adopted by industry for use in stationary devices,
• Volta (lunar crater)
• History of the internal combustion engine Although various forms of internal combustion engines were developed before the 19th century, application was hindered until the commercial drilling and production of petroleum began in the mid-1850s. By the late 1800s, engineering advances led to widespread adoption in a variety of applications
• Lemon battery A lemon battery is a device used in experiments proposed in many science textbooks around the world. It is made by inserting two different metallic objects, for example a galvanized nail and a copper coin, into a lemon. The copper coin serves as the positive electrode or cathode and the galvanized nail as the electron-producing negative electrode

References

1. ^ Giuliano Pancaldi, "Volta: Science and culture in the age of enlightenment", Princeton University Press, 2003.
2. ^ Alberto Gigli Berzolari, "Volta's Teaching in Como and Pavia"- Nuova voltiana
3. ^ Pancaldi, Giuliano (2003). Volta, Science and Culture in the Age of Enlightenment. Princeton Univ. Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=hGoYB1Twx4sC&pg=PA73. , p.73
4. ^ Munro, John (1902). Pioneers of Electricity; Or, Short Lives of the Great Electricians. London: The Religious Tract Society. pp. 89 – 102. http://www.archive.org/details/pioneerselectri00munrgoog.
5. ^ Robert Routledge (1881). A popular history of science (2nd ed.). p. 553. http://books.google.com/books?id=VO1HAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA553.
6. ^ Elliott, P. (1999). "Abraham Bennet F.R.S. (1749-1799): a provincial electrician in eighteenth-century England" (PDF). Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 53(1): 59–78. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1098/rsnr.1999.0063. http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/klgdd0umcmvjqnpr/fulltext.pdf. (
7. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/volta.htm
8. ^ "Volta". Institute of Chemistry - Jerusalem. http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/volta.htm#end. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
9. ^ For a photograph of his gravesite, and other Volta locales, see "Volta's localities". http://www.corrieredicomo.it/pg_interna.cfm?IndiceID=526&MenuID=2. Retrieved 2009-06-20.

External links

• "Alessandro Volta". Catholic Encyclopedia The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and the Original Catholic Encyclopedia on the Catholic Answers web site, is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States. The first volume appeared in March 1907 and it was completed in April 1914. It was designed "to give its readers full. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Alessandro_Volta.
• Volta and the "Pile"
• Alessandro Volta
• Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta: A Pioneer in Electrochemistry
• Count Alessandro Volta
• Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

• Media related to Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta at Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, from which uploaded files can be used across all Wikimedia projects in all languages, including Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikisource and Wikinews, or downloaded for offsite use. The repository contains over six
• "Volta, Alessandro". Encyclopædia Britannica The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the day. This edition of the encyclopedia is now in the public domain, but the outdated nature (11th ed.). 1911.

hi everybody.

Categories: 1745 births | 1827 deaths | University of Pavia faculty | People from Como | Italian physicists | History of neuroscience | Italian inventors | People associated with electricity | Scientific instrument makers | Recipients of the Copley Medal | Gentleman scientists | Italian Roman Catholics

See Also:

What Links Here:

Recently Viewed Pages:

• Shopping: Food: Produce: Vegetables: Sea Vegetables: Directory
• Ergonomics: Encyclopedia
• Home
• DASH Diet
• Healthy Diet: Images
• Copper
• Nutrition
• Images
• Shopping: Food: Health Food: Grains: Directory
• Shopping: Health: Nutrition: Green Foods: Directory

Most Popular Pages:

• Home
• Healthy Diet Pyramid: Images
• Tony Gonzalez the All-Pro Diet: News
• Ice Cream: Encyclopedia
• Fitness
• Bean: Answers
• BMI
• Forensic Pathologist: Answers
• Seed: Encyclopedia
• Search Terms

Related 'Alessandro Volta' Searches: