Heart disease or cardiopathy is an umbrella term An umbrella term is a word that provides a superset or grouping of related concepts, also called a hypernym for a variety of different diseases affecting the heart The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term cardiac (as in cardiology) means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek καρδιά, kardia, for "heart.". As of 2007, it is the leading cause of death in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language,[1][2] England The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant, Canada The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three and Wales Wales ( /ˈweɪlz/ Welsh: Cymru; pronounced [ˈkəmrɨ] (help·info)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. Wales has a population estimated at three million and is officially bilingual; Welsh and English have equal status, and bilingual signs are the,[3] killing one person every 34 seconds in the United States alone.[4][verification needed]
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Types of heart disease
Coronary heart disease
Main article: Coronary heart disease Coronary disease refers to the failure of coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue. It is already the most common form of disease affecting the heart and an important cause of premature death in Europe, the Baltic states, Russia, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. It has beenCoronary heart disease refers to the failure of the coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue. Coronary heart disease is most commonly equated with Coronary artery disease Coronary artery disease is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries that supply the myocardium (the muscle of the heart) with oxygen and nutrients. It is sometimes also called coronary heart disease (CHD), but although CAD is the most common cause of CHD, it is not the only cause although coronary heart disease can be due to other causes, such as coronary vasospasm Cardiomyopathy: Dilated · Hypertrophic · Restrictive (Loeffler endocarditis, Cardiac amyloidosis, Endocardial fibroelastosis).[5]
Coronary artery disease is a disease of the artery caused by the accumulation of atheromatous In pathology, an atheroma is an accumulation and swelling in artery walls that is made up of cells , or cell debris, that contain lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue. In the context of heart or artery matters, atheromata are commonly referred to as atheromatous plaques. It is an plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Angina pectoris Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the cardiac arteries. The term derives from the Latin angina (" (chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack) Myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, is the interruption of blood supply to part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of are symptoms of and conditions caused by coronary heart disease.
Over 459,000 Americans die of coronary heart disease every year[6]. In the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 7] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land, 101,000 deaths annually are due to coronary heart disease.[7]
Cardiomyopathy
Main article: Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy, which literally means "heart muscle disease," is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death or bothCardiomyopathy literally means "heart muscle disease" (Myo= muscle, pathy= disease) It is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls and histologic foundation of the heart, specifically the myocardium. Cardiac muscle is one of three major types of muscle, the others being skeletal and smooth muscle. The cells that comprise cardiac muscle are called cardiomyocytes and are sometimes seen as an intermediate (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia Cardiac dysrhythmia is a term for any of a large and heterogeneous group of conditions in which there is abnormal electrical activity in the heart. The heart beat may be too fast or too slow, and may be regular or irregular and/or sudden cardiac death The term sudden cardiac death refers to natural death from cardiac causes, heralded by abrupt loss of consciousness within one hour of the onset of acute symptoms. Other forms of sudden death may be noncardiac in origin. Examples of this include respiratory arrest , toxicity or poisoning, anaphylaxis, or trauma.
- Extrinsic cardiomyopathies – cardiomyopathies where the primary pathology In medicine, pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease. The related scientific study of disease processes is called "general pathology". Medical pathology is divided into two main branches, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Medical pathologists work through examination of organs, tissues, bodily fluids, and whole bodies is outside the myocardium itself. Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by far the most common cause of a cardiomyopathy is ischemia In medicine, ischemia is a restriction in blood supply, generally due to factors in the blood vessels, with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue. It may also be spelled ischaemia or ischæmia. It also means local anemia in a given part of a body sometimes resulting from vasoconstriction, thrombosis or embolism. The World Health Organization The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the calls these specific cardiomyopathies[citation needed]:
- Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a disease in which the chronic long-term abuse of alcohol leads to heart failure. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy. Due to the direct toxic effects of alcohol on heart muscle, the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to heart failure. It can affect other parts of the body if the
- Coronary artery disease Coronary artery disease is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries that supply the myocardium (the muscle of the heart) with oxygen and nutrients. It is sometimes also called coronary heart disease (CHD), but although CAD is the most common cause of CHD, it is not the only cause
- Congenital heart disease A congenital heart defect is a defect in the structure of the heart and great vessels of a newborn. Most heart defects either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it or cause blood to flow through the heart in an abnormal pattern, although other defects affecting heart rhythm (such as long QT syndrome) can also occur. Heart defects are
- Nutritional diseases affecting the heart
- Ischemic (or ischaemic) cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy, which literally means "heart muscle disease," is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death or both
- Hypertensive cardiomyopathy torso: Aortic aneurysm · Aortic dissection · Coronary artery aneurysm
- Valvular cardiomyopathy – see also Valvular heart disease below
- Inflammatory cardiomyopathy – see also Inflammatory heart disease below
- Cardiomyopathy secondary to a systemic metabolic disease
- Myocardiodystrophy
- Intrinsic cardiomyopathies – weakness in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause.
- Dilated cardiomyopathy Dilated cardiomyopathy or DCM is a condition in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and cannot pump blood efficiently. The decreased heart function can affect the lungs, liver, and other body systems (DCM) – most common form, and one of the leading indications for heart transplantation Heart transplantation, or cardiac transplantation, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease. The most common procedure is to take a working heart from a recently deceased organ donor and implant it into the patient. The patient's own heart may either be removed (. In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle The left ventricle is one of four chambers in the human heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve, and pumps it into the aorta via the aortic valve) is enlarged and the pumping function is diminished.
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM or HOCM, is a disease of the myocardium in which a portion of the myocardium is hypertrophied (thickened) without any obvious cause. It is perhaps most famous as a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. The occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a significant cause of sudden unexpected (HCM or HOCM) – genetic disorder A genetic disorder is an illness caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. While some diseases, such as cancer, are due in part to a genetic disorders, they can also be caused by environmental factors. Most disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions. Some types of recessive gene disorders confer an caused by various mutations Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication. They can also be induced by the organism itself, by cellular processes such as hypermutation in genes encoding sarcomeric A sarcomere is the basic unit of a muscle's cross-striated myofibril. Sarcomeres are multi-protein complexes composed of three different filament systems proteins. In HCM the heart muscle is thickened, which can obstruct blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is an inherited heart disease (ARVC) – arises from an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The right ventricle The right ventricle is one of four chambers in the human heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve, and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve and pulmonary trunk is generally most affected.
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a form of cardiomyopathy in which the walls are rigid, and the heart is restricted from stretching and filling with blood properly (RCM) – least common cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood.
- Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy Non-compaction cardiomyopathy , also called spongiform cardiomyopathy, is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy that affects both children and adults. It results from the failure myocardial development during embryogenesis – the left ventricle wall has failed to properly grow from birth and such has a spongy appearance when viewed during an echocardiogram.
Cardiovascular disease
Main article: Cardiovascular disease Heart disease or cardiovascular diseases is the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels . While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system (as used in MeSH C14), it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). These conditions have similar causes,Cardiovascular disease is any of a number of specific diseases that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart. Research on disease dimorphism suggests that women who suffer with cardiovascular disease usually suffer from forms that affect the blood vessels while men usually suffer from forms that affect the heart muscle itself. Known or associated causes of cardiovascular disease include diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus —often simply referred to as diabetes—is a condition in which a person has a high blood sugar (glucose) level, either because the body doesn't produce enough insulin, or because body cells don't properly respond to the insulin that is produced. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas which enables body cells to absorb, hypertension Hypertension or high blood pressure is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. It is the opposite of hypotension. It is classified as either primary (essential) or secondary. About 90-95% of cases are termed "primary hypertension", which refers to high blood pressure for which no medical cause, hyperhomocysteinemia As a consequence of the biochemical reactions in which homocysteine is involved, deficiencies of the vitamins folic acid, pyridoxine , or B12 can lead to high homocysteine levels. Supplementation with pyridoxine, folic acid, B12 or trimethylglycine (betaine) reduces the concentration of homocysteine in the bloodstream and hypercholesterolemia Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. It is closely related to the terms "hyperlipidemia" (elevated levels of lipids) and ".
Types of cardiovascular disease include:
Ischaemic heart disease
- Ischaemic heart disease Ischaemic or ischemic heart disease , or myocardial ischaemia, is a disease characterized by ischaemia (reduced blood supply) to the heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries). Its risk increases with age, smoking, hypercholesterolaemia (high cholesterol levels), diabetes, hypertension (high – another disease of the heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organs.
Heart failure
Main article: Heart failure Heart failure is generally defined as inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs. It has various diagnostic criteria, and the term heart failure is often incorrectly used to describe other cardiac-related illnesses, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) or cardiac arrestHeart failure, also called congestive heart failure (or CHF), and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term cardiac (as in cardiology) means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek καρδιά, kardia, for "heart." disorder that impairs the ability of the heart The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term cardiac (as in cardiology) means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek καρδιά, kardia, for "heart." to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells – such as nutrients and oxygen – and transports waste products away from those same cells throughout the body. Therefore leading to the heart The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term cardiac (as in cardiology) means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek καρδιά, kardia, for "heart." and body's failure.
- Cor pulmonale Cor pulmonale or pulmonary heart disease is a change in structure and function of the right ventricle of the heart as a result of a respiratory disorder. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is the predominant change in chronic cor pulmonale, whereas in acute cases, dilation dominates. Both hypertrophy and dilation are the result of increased right, a failure of the right side of the heart.
Hypertensive heart disease
Main article: Hypertensive heart disease torso: Aortic aneurysm · Aortic dissection · Coronary artery aneurysmHypertensive heart disease is heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure. Conditions that can be caused by hypertensive heart disease include:
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Coronary heart disease
- (Congestive) heart failure
- Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
- Cardiac arrhythmias
Inflammatory heart disease
Disability-adjusted life year for inflammatory heart diseases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.[8] no data less than 70 70-140 140-210 210-280 280-350 350-420 420-490 490-560 560-630 630-700 700-770 more than 770Inflammatory heart disease involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it.
- Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The most common structures involved are the heart valves.
- Inflammatory cardiomegaly
- Myocarditis – inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart.
Valvular heart disease
Main article: Valvular heart diseaseValvular heart disease is disease process that affects one or more valves of the heart. There are four major heart valve which may be affected by valvular heart disease, including the tricuspid and aortic valves in the right side of the heart, as well as the mitral and aortic valves in the left side of the heart.
See also
- Aneurysm
- British Heart Foundation
- Diet and heart disease
- Endothelium-derived relaxing factor
- High blood pressure (Hypertension)
- Thrombosis
- Oral hygiene
- Pericarditis
References
- ^ Division of Vital Statistics; Arialdi M. Miniño, M.P.H., Melonie P. Heron, Ph.D., Sherry L. Murphy, B.S., Kenneth D. Kochanek, M.A. (2007-08-21). "Deaths: Final data for 2004" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports (United States: Center for Disease Control) 55 (19): 7. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_19.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
- ^ White House News. "American Heart Month, 2007". http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/02/20070201-2.html. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ National Statistics Press Release 25 May 2006
- ^ Hitti, Miranda (2004-12-07). "Heart Disease Kills Every 34 Seconds in U.S.". Fox News – WebMD. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,142436,00.html. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
- ^ Williams MJ, Restieaux NJ, Low CJ (February 1998). "Myocardial infarction in young people with normal coronary arteries". Heart 79 (2): 191–4. PMID 9538315. http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9538315.
- ^ American Heart Association: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2008 Update. AHA, Dallas, Texas, 2008
- ^ British Heart Statistics report
- ^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2009.
External links
Find more about Heart disease on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Images and media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Learning resources from Wikiversity- VIDEO - Heart Disease in the Female Population: Prevalence, Presentation and Pathophysiology, Mary Zasadil, MD, speaks at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (2007)
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada – Information Resource on Heart Disease
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Categories: Cardiovascular diseases
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Thu, 15 Jul 2010 20:40:16 GMT+00:00
risk Reuters Metabolic syndrome refers to a collection of risk factors for diabetes, heart disease and stroke -- including abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, ...
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Fri, 04 Jun 2010 12:23:29 GM
If you have . heart disease. how did you lose weight? It's hard to exercise, because the heart starts over working (not just fast like a normal heart, but beating.
Q. Hey, I was wondering, for school, how much percent of population is affected by heart disease? Google didn't find anything. Thanks!! Well I just found that 25% of Americans suffer from heart disease... could that be true? What about a percentage for the whole world?
Asked by TK123 - Wed Mar 31 16:52:17 2010 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
A. According to American Heart Association, one in three will have cardiovascular disease. It doesn't mean just the heart, vascular includes the blood vessels in and around the heart, which includes the aorta. The AHA is a good source of all kinds of statistics for Heart Disease.
Answered by hamid b - Wed Mar 31 18:29:34 2010
